 |
Assembler |
| Name: |
Assembly Language |
| Created: |
1956-1963 |
| By: |
IBM |
| Home Page: |
http://www.ibm.com/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
low level |
| Extensions: |
.ash .asi .asm .aso .src .tah |
| Tutorial: |
http://webster.cs.ucr.edu/ |
| Note: |
Assembly language has a pretty bad reputation. The common
impression about assembly language programmers today is that they are all hackers or misguided individuals who need enlightenment.
When to use assembly language: For Low level control. Speed. Programs written in machine language execute fast! Time Critical
Code. Small program size. Writing interrupt handlers is where assembly language shines. Assembly language is very flexible
and powerful; anything that the hardware of the computer is capable of doing can be done in assembly. |
 |
Lisp |
| Name: |
Lisp |
| Created: |
1956 |
| By: |
John McCarthy |
| Home Page: |
http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/BIOS/mccarthy.html |
| Acronym: |
LISt Processing |
| Language type: |
Functional or lambda-based |
| Extensions: |
.lsp, .l |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/lisp.html |
| Note: |
Lisp has evolved with the field of Computer Science, always
putting the best ideas from the field into practical use. In 1994, Common Lisp became the first ANSI standard to incorporate
object oriented programming. |
 |
FORTRAN |
| Name: |
FORTRAN |
| Created: |
1957 |
| By: |
IBM, John Backus |
| Home Page: |
http://www.ibm.com/ |
| Acronym: |
FORmula TRANslation |
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.cod .f .f77 .fd .fi |
| Tutorial: |
http://macams1.bo.infn.it/tutorial/ |
| Note: |
This language became so popular in the early 1960s that
other vendors started to produce their own versions and this led to a growing divergence of dialects (by 1963 there were 40
different compilers). |
 |
COBOL |
| Name: |
COBOL |
| Created: |
1959 |
| By: |
Conference on Data Systems Languages |
| Home Page: |
|
| Acronym: |
Common Business Oriented Language |
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.cbl .cob |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.csis.ul.ie/cobol/Course/COBOLIntro.htm |
| Note: |
Despite the attempts at standardization, variations in
COBOL implementations continue to exist. Most deviations or "extensions" are intended to take advantage of hardware or environmental
features which were not defined in the standard definition. |
 |
BASIC |
| Name: |
BASIC & GW-BASIC |
| Created: |
1964 |
| By: |
John George Kemeny & Tom Kurtz |
| Home Page: |
|
| Acronym: |
Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code |
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.bas .bld .mak . |
| Tutorial: |
|
| Note: |
BASIC is a system developed at Dartmouth College in 1964
under the directory of J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz. It was implemented for the G.E.225. It was meant to be a very simple language
to learn and also one that would be easy to translate. |
 |
Pascal |
| Name: |
Pascal |
| Created: |
1970 |
| By: |
Professor Niklaus Wirth |
| Home Page: |
http://www.mkp.com/books_catalog/catalog.asp?ISBN=1-55860-723-4 |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.dta .obj .p .pas .pck .psm .tp .tph .tpl .tpp .tpu .tpw . |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.taoyue.com/tutorials/pascal/ |
| Note: |
Pascal has greatly influenced the design and evolution
of many other languages, from Ada to Visual Basic. |
 |
C |
| Name: |
C |
| Created: |
1972 |
| By: |
Bell Laboratories |
| Home Page: |
http://www.bell-labs.com/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.c .c86 .lrf .mrb .pch .ph .pre .qlb .sts |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-tutor.html |
| Note: |
C came into being in the years 1969-1973, in parallel with
the early development of the Unix operating system; the most creative period occurred during 1972. Another spate of changes
peaked between 1977 and 1979, when portability of the Unix system was being demonstrated. In the middle of this second period,
the first widely available description of the language appeared: The C Programming Language, often called the `white book'
or `K&R' [Kernighan 78]. Finally, in the middle 1980s, the language was officially standardized by the ANSI X3J11 committee,
which made further changes. Until the early 1980s, although compilers existed for a variety of machine architectures and operating
systems, the language was almost exclusively associated with Unix; more recently, its use has spread much more widely, and
today it is among the languages most commonly used throughout the computer industry. |
 |
C++ |
| Name: |
C++ |
| Created: |
1983-1985 |
| By: |
Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs |
| Home Page: |
http://www.research.att.com/~bs/homepage.html |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
Object-oriented |
| Extensions: |
.asi .cc .cpp .crf .cxx .dpr .dsk .hh .hpp .hxx .lrf .mrb .pch .ph
.pre .qlb .rc .res .sts .tah .tc .tch .teh .tem .tfh .tmo .usr |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.intap.net/~drw/cpp/ |
| Note: |
C++ is an evolution of the C language. It expands C by
providing support for data abstraction and object-oriented design. It provides various enhancements over C and has become
more popular amongst developers. |
 |
QBasic |
| Name: |
QBasic |
| Created: |
1986 |
| By: |
Microsoft |
| Home Page: |
http://www.microsoft.com/ |
| Acronym: |
QuickBasic |
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.bas |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bay/5707/qbasic.html |
| Note: |
Microsoft realized just how popular their BASIC interpreter
was and decided to distribute a compiler so users could code programs that ran without an interpreter. QuickBasic was the
solution Microsoft came up with. |
 |
Perl |
| Name: |
Perl |
| Created: |
1987 |
| By: |
Larry Wall |
| Home Page: |
http://www.perl.com/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
Command or Scripting |
| Extensions: |
.ph .pl |
| Tutorial: |
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Training/PerlIntro/ |
| Note: |
Perl is a general-purpose programming language. With over one million
users worldwide, it has become the language of choice for World Wide Web development, text processing, Internet services,
mail filtering, graphical programming, systems administration, and every other task requiring portable and easily-developed
solutions. |
 |
Visual Basic |
| Name: |
Visual Basic |
| Created: |
1991 |
| By: |
Microsoft |
| Home Page: |
http://msdn.microsoft.com/vbasic/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
block-structured |
| Extensions: |
.bas .obj |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.vb-world.net/beginning/ |
| Note: |
A high-level programming language from Microsoft that's graphically
oriented and relatively easy to learn, Visual Basic can be used to create everything from simple database applications to
commercial software packages. |
 |
JAVA |
| Name: |
JAVA |
| Created: |
1995 |
| By: |
James Gosling |
| Home Page: |
http://www.sun.com/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
Object-oriented |
| Extensions: |
|
| Tutorial: |
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/ |
| Note: |
The most common Java programs are applications and applets.
Applications are standalone programs, such as the HotJava browser. Applets are similar to applications, but they don't run
standalone. Instead, applets adhere to a set of conventions that lets them run within a Java-compatible browser. |
 |
JavaScript |
| Name: |
JavaScript |
| Created: |
1995 |
| By: |
Netscape Communications Corp. & Sun Microsystems. |
| Home Page: |
http://www.sun.com/ |
| Acronym: |
|
| Language type: |
Command or Scripting |
| Extensions: |
|
| Tutorial: |
http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/programming/javascript/tutorials/tutorial1.html |
| Note: |
Designed by Sun Microsystems and Netscape as an easy-to-use adjunct
to the Java programming language, JavaScript code can be added to standard HTML pages to create interactive documents. As
a result, JavaScript has found considerable use in the creation of interactive Web-based forms. Most modern browsers, including
those from Microsoft and Netscape, contain JavaScript support. |
 |
VBScript |
| Name: |
VBScript |
| Created: |
1997 |
| By: |
Microsoft |
| Home Page: |
http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting/default.htm?/scripting/vbscript/ |
| Acronym: |
Visual Basic Scripting Edition |
| Language type: |
Application/Macro |
| Extensions: |
.bas .obj .vbx |
| Tutorial: |
http://www.intranetjournal.com/corner/wrox/progref/vbt/ |
| Note: |
Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is a programming
language developed by Microsoft for creating scripts (miniprograms) that can be embedded in HTML Web pages for viewing with
Internet Explorer. These scripts can make Web pages more interactive. VBScript also works with Microsoft ActiveX Controls,
allowing Web site developers to create forms, interactive multimedia, games, and other Web-based programs. VBScript is similar
in functionality to JavaScript and is a subset of the widely used Microsoft Visual Basic programming language. |
| |
